In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. Who translated Ramayana into Persian? - Vedantu Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. [15], Sultan Alau'd-Din's two sons became kings in succession, Sultan Shihabu'd-Din and Sultan Qutbu'd-Din. Sample translated sentence: Heill on sen thden puhdas asema Jehovan edess. These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. Verse 12. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. No examples found, consider adding one please. Zain-ul-Abidin worked hard to establish a fair rule in Kashmir. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. Persian Literature: How Kashmir Came To Be Known As 'Little Iran' Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support, Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. A view of Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab from its yard. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecretations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. In 1574, Akbar established a translation bureau (maktab khana) at his capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Get all the important information related to the Railway Exam including the process of application, important calendar dates, eligibility criteria, exam centers etc. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. Historian A. Q. Rafiqi states that some Persian chronicles of Kashmir describe Shah Mir as a descendant of the rulers of Swat. Let us know more about Rajatarangini. Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military empire in ancient India, founded by, After a Damodara ("of Ashoka's kula or another"), we have Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka (127147 CE) of the. He was known for his religious tolerance. 'Rajatharangini' review: A Sanskrit classic from Kashmir revisited in Sultan Sikandar (1389-1413 CE), was the sixth ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. rajatarangini of kalhana vol iv - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini of kalhana vol ii - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini - shri ramtej shastri pandey_part3. The work generally records the heritage of Kashmir, but 120 verses of Rjatarangi describe the misrule prevailing in Kashmir during the reign of King Kalash, son of King Ananta Deva of Kashmir. He looked into an assortment of epigraphic sources connecting with illustrious tributes, development of sanctuaries, and land awards; he concentrated on coins, fantastic remaining parts, family records, and nearby practices. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. Little is known about the author Kalhana (c. 12th century CE), apart from what is written in the book. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. He stopped the killing of cows by means . After that, the English translation appeared under the aegis of the Asiatic Society in 1835 and the French translation in 1852. The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. Dethroned by Utpalaka's rival Mamma and the latter's son Yashovarman. The Loharas ruled for many generations. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the Kalhana Rajatarangini is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. A Persian Mahabharata: The 1598-1599 Razmnama There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. in Persian - Gilaki-Persian Dictionary | Glosbe Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. The young Chippatajayapida was advised by his maternal uncle Utpalaka or Utpala (IV.679). He showed shockingly progressed specialised mastery for the time in his anxiety for offbeat sources. Shivajis Guru was Shree Samarth Ramdas was a noted 17th-century saint and spiritual poet of Maharashtra. Hence the correct answer is Option B. After an Abhimanyu, we come to the main Gonandiya dynasty, founded by Gonanda III. The capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi in the year 1911. Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Translations. Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered the tribes of the north and after defeating the. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. [19][21] Scholars caution against accepting the allegations at face value and attributing them solely to religious bigotry. Who translated Ramayana into Persian language? - Toppr Ask Manipulation in Dubbing: The Translation of English-language Films into In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. In Books V and VI the history of the dynasty continues to 1003, when the kingdom of Kashmir passed on to a new dynasty, the Lohara. Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. According to the historical evidence, Lalitaditya Muktapida ruled during the 8th century. He filled his court with, Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II), According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of, Younger brother of Vikramaditya. Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. Kishan Joshi, the Ganga Dhar, the Mahesh, the Mahanand and others. (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849). Rajatarangini, Telugu translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 18:27. Sanskrit Literature in the Medieval India Kalhana appears to made little attempt to determine the actual sequence of rule of the kings and dynasties he recorded). [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. university presses. The summary is from J.C. Dutt's translation. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. Check ' ' translations into Persian. Uninvolved personally in the maelstrom of contemporary politics, he nevertheless was profoundly affected by it and stated the following to be his ideal: That noble-minded poet alone merits praise whose word, like the sentence of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in recording the past. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Murdered his father, and starved his half-brothers to death. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Kalhana states that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. [6], No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source. [4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10years. [22], Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of the Karkota dynasty. After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. Verse 14. Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. Render date: 2023-03-04T12:29:12.553Z Subscribe here. In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). View all Google Scholar citations Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of Nal-Damayanti into Persian. [6], The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. Verse 13. May 29, 2021 04:35 pm | Updated July 06, 2022 12:26 pm IST. This article examines two translations of the textone "Orientalist" and the other "nationalist"with the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. Owing to the pervasive distraction of COVID-19, Malayalam readers may have missed a notable event: the first translation into their language of a 12th century Sanskrit classic, Kalhana's work uses Kali and Laukika (or Saptarishi) calendar eras: the ascension year in CE, as given below, has been calculated by Dutt based on Kalhana's records. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation. Son of Sangramapida II. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Deccan education society is an organization which runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Ramdas was a devotee of Hanuman and Rama. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. [citation needed]. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. Became queen after the death of all male heirs. Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? Verse 11. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. The kings of Kashmir described in the Rajatarangini are given below. [18][19] A welfare-state was installed oppressive taxes were abolished, and free schools and hospitals were commissioned. After the Utpala dynasty, a Yashaskara became king (V.469). And with that touchstone, Kalhanas work can truly lay claim to an important place in world literature itself. The book has a magisterial Foreword by Puthezhath Raman Menon, a considerable figure in Malayalam literature and a contemporary of the translator. Traces of genuine history are also found, however, in references to the Mauryan emperors Ashoka and Jalauka; the Buddhist Kushan kings Hushka (Huviska), Jushka (Vajheska), and Kanishka (Kaniska); and Mihirakula, a Huna king. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. Kalhaa's account of Kashmir begins with the legendary reign of Gonarda, who was contemporary to Yudhishthira of the Mahbhrata, but the recorded history of Kashmir, as retold by Kalhaa begins from the period of the Mauryas. The real power lay in the hands of a noble named Gargachandra. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. Has data issue: true Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Daulat Khan Lodi, Rana Sangam Singh, Zahiruddin Mohammad, Turkish and more. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. [a] He thinks it more likely that he was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat, who had intermarried with local indigenous peoples. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. Look through examples of translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. Who wrote Rajatarangini What does it tell us about? Who translated Mahabharata and Rajatarangini into Persian? Rajatarangini is more aptly described as meta history. This quarterly has been published regularly since In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Abstract. Abul Fazl translated into Persian many outstanding Sanskrit works, such as, the. the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. He was a great-grandson of a Viradeva, a Kutumbi (V.469). Who translated Ramayana into Persian? | Indian History - Sawaal Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. in Persian - Gilaki-Persian Dictionary | Glosbe As the result of the decline in linguistic oriented approaches, Translation Studies witnessed a move towards a more descriptive and cultural direction in the 1990s. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition.
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